Speech Defects Essay Example for Free

Speech Defects Essay Introduction Speech Defects are any imperfect verbal utterances that occur even when the message being expressed has been properly formulated in the individual’s mind and are linguistically intact. They represent the most prevalent type of communication disorder found in humans. They may result from (1) maldevelopment or damage within the nervous system; (2) maldevelopment or damage in the peripheral structures producing speech; (3) faulty learning; and (4) functional disruptions arising from other causes. Lisping is one of the most common types of articulatory defects caused by faulty learning and, in some cases, can be related to concomitant disorders in the hearing mechanism, such as impairment in auditory acuity or auditory discrimination. Lisping is the incorrect pronunciation of certain sounds, chiefly /s/ and /z/, in the ordinary speech (Encyclopedia Americana). The most common type of error involves the substitution of a surd (voiceless) th sound for s and a sonant (voiced) th for z. Similar sound substitutions may occur for sh and ch. All of these articulatory substitutions are often classified as lisps. In some cases the tongue protrudes through the aperture of the teeth, producing what is called an interdental lisp or frontal lisp. In other instances the tongue tip does not protrude between the teeth but may maintain a firm contact against the upper teeth or the frontal part of the hard palate, while the air stream is forced around one or both sides of the upthrust tongue, producing a lateral lisp. Finally, there is the palatal lisp which is not found in typical speech development. Here, the mid-section of the tongue comes in contact with the soft palate, quite far back. Nevertheless, lisping as an isolated speech characteristic does not usually reduce the person’s intelligibility unduly. Most people can easily understand what the person with a lisp is saying. This study is being proposed to determine the different factors that contribute to the acquisition of the defect particularly frontal lisp, its indications, practices that may cause it, and its possible solutions. Evaluation based on the reactions of the respondent shall be made to address the above mentioned queries. With the foregoing impressions of the writer, this study hopes to enlighten people about frontal lisp and the actions that should be taken about it. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The respondent appears to have a difficulty in pronouncing the /s/ and /z/ sounds. The error involves the substitution of the mentioned sounds with either a voiced or voiceless /th/. This resembles the defects caused by frontal lisp. The misplacement of the tongue during articulation causes these unclear speech sounds. This study intends to answer the following questions: 1. What could be the root cause of the respondent’s speech impediment? 2. Is there a relation between the difficulty of the respondent and her family background? 3. What steps should be taken to lessen or even eliminate the defect? 3. Is the respondent’s case a permanent one? SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The respondent is expected to gain more knowledge and understanding about the speech disorder during the whole process. Should she exhibit improvement in her speech, we can expect this to boost her morale. With the respondent gaining more confidence in her speech and ease in expressing herself, she is sure to reach greater heights and farther horizons in terms of her social and educational well-being. People with similar defects may, likewise, practice this kind of therapy to experience improvement in and awareness of their speech capabilities. Should an advanced and wider study and practice of this research be created, more people with similar speech defect can be helped. Most especially those people who could not afford the services of speech pathologists and audiologists. This will surely produce more competent speakers in the country. DEFINITION OF TERMS Aperture – (Noun) the opening between the upper and lower frontal teeth Auditory acuity – (Noun) keenness of the auditory skills Audiologist – (Noun) a healthcare professional who performs hearing tests Concomitant disorder – (Noun) a disorder that occurs in connection with another defect Intelligibility – (Noun) the quality of language that is comprehensible Interdental – (Adjective) between the teeth Lateral – (Adjective) situated at or extending to the side Palate – (Noun) the upper surface of the mouth that separates the oral and nasal cavities Protrude – (Verb) to extend out or project in space; bulge outward Speech impediment – (Noun) interference or delay in the progress or development of speech Speech pathologist – (Noun) a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and therapy for patients with speech defects Sonant – (Noun) a speech sound accompanied by sound from the vocal chords; (Adjective) produced with vibration of the vocal chords Surd – (Noun) a consonant produced without sound from the vocal chords

A Response to Nilofar Shidmehrs God Existed or Exists :: Nilofar Shidmehr God Existence Essays

A Response to Nilofar Shidmehr's God Existed or Exists Introduction In recent years, scientists have come to the amazing discovery that the existence of carbon-based life in our universe is dependent upon a set of extremely improbable initial conditions. In their article, â€Å"The Anthropic Teleological Argument,†[1] Betty and Cordell lay out some of these conditions in cosmology and biochemistry. Had various initial conditions of the universe been slightly altered, life would have been impossible. Betty and Cordell then argue that the existence of an intelligent designer is the best explanation for the universe. Needless to say, their conclusions have not gone unchallenged. Nilofar Shidmehr, in her article â€Å"God Existed or Exists!† has presented four objections to Betty and Cordell’s Anthropic Teleological Argument (ATA). First, she argues that at best, ATA only shows that God existed, but not that God exists. Secondly, she argues that the dictum that the greater cannot come from the lesser is false. Thirdly, she argues that â€Å"There is a huge difference between having an explanation and telling that there must be an explanation.†[2] Fourthly, Shidmehr presents three theories that increase the chances that the universe randomly evolved for the existence of carbon-based life. Thus, there is no need to invoke an intelligent designer. Given these four objections, it seems evident that Shidmehr believes that ATA fails. In this paper, I will defend ATA against only two of Shidmehr’s objections. I will argue against her first objection by showing that a sound analysis of ATA does give us reason to believe that God currently exists. Secondly, I will argue against her third objection by showing that the existence of God is a good explanation for the initial conditions of the universe. So without further ado: I. God Existed AND Exists! Shidmehr’s first objection is to argue that there is no reason to believe that even if ATA is sound, God would not have to currently exist. Shidmehr writes: If we look around ourselves, we can see several well-designed buildings and goods whose creator or designer had died†¦ the existence of a creation and the continuity of its existence, since it came to being, are not dependent upon the existence of its creator.[3] Secondly, Shidmehr goes on to say that there are several stories we can speculate to account for the demise of God. Suppose there was some sort of SuperGod that was unpleased with God’s creation of the universe causing SuperGod to destroy God.

Checkpoint Childhood Development and Sexual Behavior

Checkpoint: Childhood Development Sexual Behavior 05/06/2012 Psy/265 Christopher Griffin The sexual behaviors found in fetuses and newborns are that male fetuses have erections. Both male and female fetuses will suck on their fingers. In infancy stimulation of the genitals may produce sensations of pleasure. Early as 8 months of age pelvic thrusting has been observed. Additionally, masturbation has been observed between 6 to 12 months of age. Sleeping with your infant does not affect sexual development. In early childhood statistics in regards to masturbation at ages 3 to 8 is based on perception.Early in childhood children show their interest in the genitals and may role play. Same sex sexual activity play is more common than in heterosexual play and does not play a role in sexual orientation. In preadolescent it has been observed that preadolescents socialize with same sex friends and become self-conscious about their bodies. Preadolescent’s primary method of obtaining orgas m is masturbation. Sex play in preadolescence involves displaying of genitals by both parties involved and can be with or without touching.Preadolescent same sex sexual behavior is short lived and mostly for exploratory purpose. In adolescence the major sexual act is masturbation. Adolescents use petting as a pathway to obtaining sexual satisfaction without the possibility of pregnancy or ending their virgin status. Premarital sex has increased mostly in females and very few adolescents report their sexual experience with individuals of the same sex. These encounters have been known to be transitory for the adolescent. Gay adolescents have a much harder time because of stigmatization of society.

Greed and Sucess in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller...

Americans take less vacation time. Americans work longer hours. Americans retire later. Americans revolve their lives around work. Americans overwork themselves. They dedicate their entire lives to their careers, to being promoted to a higher position, to attaining that higher payroll, to only get farther in the workplace. Americans are so caught up in their jobs and careers that they end up neglecting other things like their personal lives . Unlike people from other countries, Americans do not take enough lesiure time for themselves. Americans have little to no time off each week. According to the article, â€Å"Overworked America: 12 Charts That Will Make Your Blood Boil†,some countries give workers 37-48 hours off each week. Other†¦show more content†¦Workers in Great Britian too said that their jobs were the source of their stress, however only 16% of them said this. This is about 10% percent less than American workers. This stress that consumes so many people lea ds to a lower quality of life. Stress is also the number one cause of mental and physical health problems. Even greater than stress, some people actually die from overwork, as there is also term coined for this known as KarÃ… shi in Japanese. Most of these Americans working incedibly overbearing amounts of hours hold white-collar jobs(Schnaber). They work in offices and so the hours they put in are not logged as accurately as someone with a blue collar job who has to log in when they come in and leave. Therefore, the hours the people with white collar jobs do are viewed as significantly more. Americans that work too many long shifts affect the lives of the people around them too. For instance, one statistic from a Family Matters Survey done by The National Partnership for Women Families in 1998 found that, â€Å"70% of working fathers and working mothers report they don’t have enough time for their children†.Another statistic from this survey reported that over 80% of Americans found it diffcult to balance their work life and their personal life. In fact, it is estimated that around 11 million children age 5 and under spend time in a form child care facility every week(Child Care Aware of America). It is also estimated that children whose